Īside from various permanganate salts, Mn(VII) is represented by the unstable, volatile derivative Mn 2O 7. Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy. Potassium permanganate is a commonly used laboratory reagent because of its oxidizing properties it is used as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Manganese in oxidation state +7 is represented by salts of the intensely purple permanganate anion MnO 4 −. Ĭommon oxidation states of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, although all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. Manganese(II) chloride crystals – the pale pink color of Mn(II) salts is due to a spin-forbidden 3d transition. It has a body-centered cubic structure (two atoms per cubic unit cell). When quenched to room temperature it converts to β-Mn, but it can be stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with at least 5 percent of other elements (such as C, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd or Au), and these solute-stabilized alloys distort into a face-centered tetragonal structure. It has a simple face-centered cubic structure (four atoms per unit cell). It does not show magnetic ordering, remaining paramagnetic down to the lowest temperature measured (1.1 K). It is easily obtained as a metastable phase at room temperature by rapid quenching. It has a primitive cubic structure with 20 atoms per unit cell at two types of sites, which is as complex as that of any other elemental metal. Allotropes īeta manganese (β-Mn) forms when heated above the transition temperature of 973 K (700 ☌ 1,290 ☏). Hence, 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the Solar System. Variations in 53Cr/ 52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites suggest an initial 53Mn/ 55Mn ratio, which indicate that Mn–Cr isotopic composition must result from in situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Mn–Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the Solar System. Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn is relatively rare, produced by cosmic rays impact on iron.
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53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before the supernova explosion. The primary decay mode in isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode in heavier isotopes is beta decay.
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All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than three hours, and the majority of less than one minute. The most stable are 53Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.2 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. Several radioisotopes have been isolated and described, ranging in atomic weight from 46 u ( 46Mn) to 72 u ( 72Mn). Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn. Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize.
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Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. Of particular interest is the use of a Mn-O cluster, the oxygen-evolving complex, in the production of oxygen by plants.Ĭharacteristics Physical properties It occurs at the active sites in some enzymes. It is familiar in the laboratory in the form of the deep violet salt potassium permanganate. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes. It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent as a rubber additive and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.
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It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25.